vaccae (0.1 mg, administered subcutaneously on days –21, –14, –7, and 27) or borate-buffered saline vehicle. Mice were subsequently treated with a heat-killed preparation of M. On day –28, mice received implants of biotelemetric recording devices to monitor 24-h rhythms of locomotor activity. vaccae is an effective countermeasure in a “two hit” stress exposure model of chronic disruption of rhythms (CDR) followed by acute social defeat (SD). Here we used male C57BL/6NCrl mice to determine if repeated immunization with M. vaccae), a soil-derived bacterium with anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties, is a potentially useful countermeasure against negative outcomes to stressors. Previous studies demonstrate that Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 ( M. 14inVIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network, West New York, NJ, United States.13Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.12Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO, United States.11Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States. 10Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.9Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.8Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.7Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.6Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.5Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.4Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.3Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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